The farmland, is the our country history has up great significance of one of the system, its function and influence are limited by economic category in no case and only.It is the direct development of the war thought in early days, is also a resident frontier guards self-sufficient important measure.
Reside to postpone region, because of the black river water infusion reside to postpone sea but get, black river cross-straits, there is the flood plain of the big slice, rich soil, easy to irrigation, feat .At that time, the west government is for substantial west of the river defend strength, the farmland area of the extension nation, the increment farm tax and excise tax income, in the river west practice the farmland policy, reside to postpone region no exception, the sprout Chien, recorded to say the material concerning farmland not a few, involve of scope as well wide, such as farmland officer organization,farmland number, farmland quantity,the corn category...etc., these not only reflected to reside the farmland scale of postpone the region, and can see reside to postpone the farmland basically according to the hinterland open up, not only prosper a place economy, but also add troops a supply.Because of the soldier farmland, conceived a reside of black river cross-straits to postpone civilization.Pass to postpone Chien to investigate towards reside now, discuss to reside to postpone soldier culture.
1.The labor force of the farmland:Be engaged in the farmland mainly is a farmland .Such as Chien:"The farmland the big river county,meeting become in,WANG2 SHENG NIAN238."(498.11)this is of the farmland book.The farmland is engaged in a very heavy labor generally.Be called"the play make""wheat 580 stones eight s eight rise, make 66 people by the food farmland play, in May exhausted August" generally in JIAN3 WEN2, this kind of is engaged in a heavy manual labor, sometimes a stem live and can reach to many 1500 more people, "have a disease very much already and sincerely a case to belong to , start a dollar for two years, the farmland 1000500 people, write the (note) dike for MA3 TIAN2 GUAN, is a January already sun ."(513.17)this is the work that says 1,500 farmland s to do to put the dike water for MA3 TIAN2 GUAN.
Heavy labor,exploit ruthlessnessly,bad living condition, usually cause the abscondence of the farmland ."MA3 ZHANG3 SHI3 has the a people a private the namely, having office county,county,in,,surname,year,long thing,color,building,clothes, the early exergue day white report, have the disease is already."(513.17)this is to request any , ,people that fled from home, private etc., all want detailed row oneself of the whole circumstances, request but take in to pursue and arrest as above, here our raising a to catch a clerk is example.Such as"the book in the boundary arrive, sending all the and county to make the following, catch to search a boundary gradually in.Check , person hide, with have to be most, the catches to return, everything is to play to smell, the stay, such as the book statutes"(179.9) this kind of catches a clerk to see not fresh often in reside postpone Chien, any catch its abscondence private , all press it its details importance punish, the want of severity judges with the death penalty.
For making the farmland have peace of mind to fill the in the side, unlikely a great deal of abscondence, also adopted some homologous ways, such as long reside the farmland that the side fill, its family members can give ration by the month.This kind of from officer's house food for pay, all be included in" the family members Be signing signature a book", press a book hair food monthly.BE long to reside the ,the farmland of the side county to one part moreover, can row a some farm lands as it privately owned, or allow it to open up to be possessed by oneself lately.This can get a certificate from residing to postpone the land business Chien whom the region sprout.Only the private farmland is just can business.This truth is obvious, business want to wait for someone through country man, of check to ask, the buyer has to be completed to endow with more.Resided price of postpone the land at that time the most expensive hour each one can be worth 100 texts, mean hour each only 25 texts was or so.
2.The farm land area establishes the all levels officialdom management farmland business:The farmland though guard frontier regions of an importance constitute part, but fill in the side there is still obvious division of labour in region, from become opposite independent system, it waits with lord to hope,the formal card troops of the clear war signal is different from.So the farmland of the farmland system officer organization,BE also more complicated.Account to have farmland school ,agricultureses for its name all and protect farmland school ,guard an agriculture ream and advise agriculture ,camalig long,camalig ,camalig ,the matter farmland and fight in the farmland ,waterway , of labor the forefront,five long etc.s.
Be residing to postpone JIAN3 ZHONG, can see a following all levels farmland officer:"In February E , ZHANG YI4 the district magistrate blessing, the database accepts and goes the matter, daring to tell ZHANG YI4 NONG2 all and protecting mansion in the farmland school to go in to call the county , hiding officer's thing to record not, in October proper price"(4.1),"guard the agriculture ream to go into the farmland volume to take ".(90.65),"Five years January J don't, guard ZHANG YI4 to reside to postpone all the to go the matter, ride a department MA3 MIN3, tell and advise the agriculture "(103.28),"in Marchary C noon, the ZHANG YI4's long history postpones to go the district magistrate matter, the shoulder water camalig grows soup, and goes the matter, subordinate country agricultures are s all small mansion", .(10.33) Press farmland the officer organize of rule over legal power, the farmlands all ,agricultures all the accordingly belong to all protect,the leadership of the district magistrate, in the meantime under the yoke of and central big department agriculture.Guard an agriculture ream and protect in the farmland school then is obey orders in agricultures all or all .
3.The implements of production,seed of the farmland grow is supply by the authorities with ration:Discovered some Han Dynasties in reside the census of postpone the region with try to dig of of agriculture implements of production, there are iron hoe,iron,iron ax,iron ball...etc..These iron farm implementses create very a rules is whole, the function noodles is very sharp-edged, and has certain level.Get to reside to postpone JIAN3 ZHONG lately, the iron farm implements that has from the south sun county manufacturing carries to reside to postpone of jot down, can push to know, the northwest side filled region at that time, the iron farm implements of the usage mostly inside the county manufacturing was unify by the big department agriculture to allocate.
The side county business funds shortage, is also help each other by big department agriculture, help each other of the amount of money be called"adjust money", JIAN3 WEN2 have" it 110,435 adjust money".(168.13)In addition to central adjust to"adjust money" of the place, the place pays up on time central call"the lose" side county in addition to paying its"the lose" up, also have a part to stay to pay for the place degree, don't pay all and up.
The seed that the farmland need grow is as well supply by authorities, resided to postpone at that time is go to the river west region, the corn category had a valley,wheat,barley,wheat, wheat, wheat,yellow rice,,linseed etc..These farm crop categories all see in JIAN3 WEN2.
The ration of the farmland is similar to other frontier guards, is pay by officer's camalig, these jot down to see the farmland a book book, this kind of book bookkeeping contain the name of the farmland , what year HE2 YUE4 the collar food is some, any has a person to get of, also want to note the name that the generation gets, this kind of book discovers a lot in reside postpone Chien, no longer the record.
4.All resultses of the farmland want to return a camalig:Reside to postpone to there are a lot of camaligs in Chien, these camaligs should accordingly belong to a mansion,county with all the mansion govern.The camalig contain long camalig, assisting to be take care of with camalig ,camalig ,big food camalig and the food cashier's matter."In Marchary C noon.The ZHANG YI4's long history postpones to go the district magistrate matter, the shoulder water camalig long soup and go a matter."(10.33)"the shoulder water camalig is long" is a to all belong to a bottom, don't in county,county."Set up even three years, the intercalary month hot , the blessing camalig moves the shoulder water gold pass, residing to postpone a long king of with the result that, so the hackney is each such as , the book list, such as statutes.(15.18) "This is the book that the camalig in blessing County gives the shoulder water gold pass pass man, 《the book.The geography ambition 》the wine spring county contain the blessing County, 《continuous book.The county country ambition 》the wine spring county descend to change the west the blessing County is a blessing County.Set up even is the west end title of resign, new in blessing County change for virtuous, set up hereafter change blessing .This is the instance that the county establishes a camalig.The corn that one camalig keep can above ten thousand stones, reside to postpone to once discovers"ten thousand stones"s camalig print, there is"now remaining valley 100002,473 stones three 斗s"(112.2) in JIAN3 WEN2, too, "be subjected to in April remaining valley two s in case of 1000652 stones three rise little"(112.20) jot down.
Each camalig accumulates a valley in addition to side county ration,war preparedness,seed in addition to grow etc. expenditure, also want inside carry one part, adjust enough to spare to repair shortage.
As for agricultures all , the side county region has mostly four kinds of all the title officialdom, namely county all ,close all and belong to the national capital and agricultures all .Reside to postpone all ,the shoulder waterses all to is the same to counties slightly all .
5.Generation the farmland method and generation farmland camalig:We know a farmland method are round in a kind of land method of the northern and dry regions, or calls a system.Rowing an acre of farmland three s is three s, sowing seeds in the , the grass the hoe soil, use to come to the seedling root of .The and the position of the rotate year by year, by being rest with round but keeping land productivity.This kind of rests a method Be residing to postpone whether get earnest of,promote widespreadly, or parts of places promote, returning a hard affirmation currently, this still is treat in more materials to take in to explain.But have a farmland camalig according to JIAN3 WEN2, can on these grounds come to prove to reside to postpone region to have already promoted generation a farmland method, proof still seem to be not enough emollient.
6.The cow and cow book:Generation the farmland method and the cow is inseparables, the widespread usage of the cow is one great progress of the agriculture development.The cow that the 屯 farmland use also has the cow book, the cow book is the register to the cow, raise the cow book book as follows:
"The dint cow a, black, especially,left cut, the is 8 years old, seven Chinese foots is eight inches."
"Cow a, black, male and left cut, the is 3 years old long."
These cow book Chiens all are sprout in big gulf, being the cow obviously, not pulling cart of the cow or edible cow, this is because of:Reside to postpone the concerning farmland in old Chien a book any 67 all sprout in the big gulf, all clothes books of farmland are total 17 also sprout in the big gulf, point out the food farmland specially and definitely of two record is also a big gulf, generally the clerk concerning farmland also sprouts here much, can the affirmative big gulf is the center that resided to postpone the farmland at that time.
7.The size stone problem of the valley food:Reside to postpone to often record to there are the big stone and stone to jot down in Chien, someone is wrong to mistaken for, all of the stone just same different name that the quantity uses while compute different object, not two amount of kind, the big stone points a rice, the stone points (original food), a the stone can is six the rices.The various of"some stone rices is some big stones" in past Chien, is all some stone can some stone rices of meaning.We know the Han Dynasty have"big stone","stone" two kinds of titles of , their ratio can beg from following few examples:
"Going into the stone 12 stones is big stones seven stones is two ."(A.849)
"Any valley stone 15 stones is big stones is nine stones."(A.858)
Above several examples its ratio all is 5:3, so can know a stone a stone to match a big stone six .
8.Dig a well an irrigation:Reside to postpone although there is the river water in the oasis region irrigate, leave river slightly and far square lead a water to then have a difficulty, so need to dig a well an irrigation then, certainly also want to solve the difficulty of people's drinking.Sprout from the last home the detection in the cultural object contain not a few pottery wells,the pottery bucket certificate, the Han Dynasty dug a well in the technique and have problems.Reside to postpone to there are"thirty wells"s,"the dike well is long"(3.14)s,"the well each accumulated ice of station ten stones"(534.9)...etc. in Chien, at this time well open may mostly string well, also call the hole son well, Chien(127.6)" the 13th grow wise well water 50 step, two five, five springs two five, the top can cure a farmland, the degree gives the ."General well certainly not so big, this is a string of well doubtless.This kind of well discharge needs a person to watch greatly, so has the farmland s, such as"be well CHEN2 HONG2" and"be well to donate for week"(562.7)...etc. to look after.